Histology of blood tits that are exsposed to smoking smoke

HISTOLOGY OF BLOOD TITS THAT ARE EXPOSED TO SMOKING SMOKE

       Cigarettes contain more than 4000 harmful substances, including tar, arsenic, formaldehyde, and benzo (a) pyrene which is carcinogenic. Tar is a direct carcinogen so it does not require a promoter to cause cancer. In cigarette smoke also contains carbon monoxide (CO). Hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia (Cancer research, 2006). Non-smoking radicals come from cigarette smoke which causes irritation and inflammatory effects (Winarsi, 2007).

     Smoking has been known to cause health problems. This health disorder can be caused by nicotine which comes from the smoke of active smokers and secondhand smoke. Health problems caused can be chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, larynx, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, bladder, narrowing of arteries and others (Susanna et al, 2003). Lung damage as the main target and directly exposed to cigarette smoke can be explained by exposure to chemical agents in cigarette smoke, but the effect that causes chronic disease in other organ systems is likely to be indirect exposure results (Yanbaeva et al, 2007).

     Smoking is also one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Potential mechanisms caused by smoking on cardiovascular disease include disorders of homeostasis, lipid abnormalities, and endothelial dysfunction (Wannamethee et al, 2005). The mechanism of inflammation plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Local and systemic effects of exposure to cigarette smoke can be explained through the mechanism of oxidative stress and inflammation (Pearson et al, 2003).

       Cigarette smoke is free radicals originating from exogenous sources. Free radicals have high reactivity, because of the tendency to attract electrons and can change a molecule into a radical because of the loss or increase of one electron in another molecule. Free radicals will damage molecules whose electrons are pulled by free radicals that cause cell damage, cell function disorders, and even cell death.

       One cigarette burned will produce approximately 5000 mg of gas (92%) and solid particulate matter (8%) in the form of liquid aerosol droplets and submicroscopic solid tar particles. Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemical components, including 1,015 reactive species in the gas phase, specifically nitrogen oxide (NO). Tobacco produced by tobacco decreases the amount of intracellular antioxidants found in lung cells. Cigarette smoke contains free radical molecules. Oxidants in cigarette smoke have sufficient amounts to play a large role in the occurrence of airway damage. Tobacco smoke oxidants deplete intracellular antioxidants in lung cells (in vivo) through mechanisms associated with oxidant pressure (Britton, 2007).

The main molecules in the body that damaged by free radicals are DNA, fat and protein (Suryohudro, 2000). increasing age the accumulation of cell damage due to free radicals is increasingly taking on the role, thus disrupting cell metabolism, stimulating cell mutations, which results in cancer and even death (Goldman and Klatz, 2007). Free radicals can be positive and negative. Bellevil et al.(1996) reported the positive effects of the presence of free radicals, others, reactive oxygen compounds play a role in normal bactericidal bacteriolysis processes. As is known, reactive oxygen compounds are synthesized phagocytic cells through NADP oxidation pathways, such as radicals and H2 O2 which act as bacterial killers (bactericidal). Therefore someone who lacks NADP oxidase will experience recurrent inflammation easily. O2 radicals have vasoconstrictor properties in smooth muscles or, in fibroblasts. Then the reactive oxygen compounds play a role in DNA synthesis because the activity of ribonucleotide reductase (which converts ribose into dioxyribose) is very dependent on reactive oxygen compounds. Reactive oxygen compounds also play a role in spermatozoid capacitation so that their presence is very functional in fertilization. In vitro reactive oxygen compounds are also mitogenic in various cells. Of course free radicals become dangerous if the amount is excessive and more than the antioxidants that are in the body.

 Although the lungs have a strategic defense system by sucking a lot of oxygen at the time of inspiration, the increased intake of cigarette smoke can cause damage to lung tissue (Arkemar, 2006). We can observe the occurrence of damage to lung tissue through a technique called microtechnics, which is a technique of observing tissue that experiences a change (abnormal / damaged) and changes due to the addition of certain substances.